Computer Fundamentals NIOS Chapter 1
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Chapter-1 Computer Fundamentals
Code-608
Q.1 What is function of ALU, CU and CPU?
Ans.: CPU: You may call CPU as the brain of any computer system. All major decisions controlling functions and all sort of calculation work is done by CPU. It has two parts- The control unit (CU) and arithmetic logic unit (ALU).
Control Unit (CU): This unit tells the rest of the computer system how to carry out a program’s instructions. It directs the movement of electronic signals between memory-which temporarily holds data, instructions and processed information- and ALU. It also directs these control signals between CPU and input/output devices.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): This unit, usually called the ALU, performs two types of operations arithmetic and logical. Arithmetic operations are the fundamental mathematical operations consisting of addition, subtraction , multiplication and division. Logical operations consists of comparisons. That is, two pieces of data are compared to see whether one is equal to, less than or greater than the other.
Q.2 Explain the following in brief.
- a) Application software
Ans.: Application software is a set of programs, which are written to perform specific tasks of the users of computers such as Accounts, Stores, Payroll etc. These software are developed in high level language to help the user to get the computer perform the task.
- b) Scanner
Ans.: The keyboard can input only text through keys provided in it. If we want to input a picture, the keyboard can not help us. Scanner is an option device that can input any graphical chart or picture and display it back. The common optical scanning devices and Magnetic ink Character Recognition (MICR), Optical Mark Reader (OMR) and Optical Character Reader (OCR).
- c) Visual Display Unit
Ans.: The most popular output device is the Visual Display Unit (VDU). It is also called the monitor. A Keyboard is used to input data and Monitor is used to display the input data and to receive messages from the main computer. A monitor has its own box which is separated from the main computer system and is connected to the computer by a cable. In some systems it is compact with the system unit. It can be color or monochrome.
Q.3 Differential the following:
- a) Terminal and Printer
Ans.: Terminal: It is very popular interactive unit. It can be divided into two types: hard copy terminals and soft copy terminal. A hard copy terminal provides a printout on paper whereas soft copy terminal provides visual copy on monitor. A terminal when connected to a CPU sends instructions directly to the computer.
Printer: Printer is a device that prints text or illustrations on paper and in many cases on transparencies and other media. There are different kinds of printers. In terms of the technology utilized, printers fall into the following categories: Laser, Inject and Dotmatrix.
- b) Hardware and Software
Ans.: A computer needs both hardware and software for proper functioning. Hardware consists of the mechanical and electronic devices, which we can easily see and touch. The software consists of programs, the operating systems and the data that reside in the memory storage device. Hardware and software together form a computer system.
Computer cannot do anything on its own and has to be guided by the user. In order to do any specific job you have to give a sequence of instructions to the computer. This set of instructions is called a computer program. Software refers to the set of computer programs, procedures that describe the programs and how they are to be used. Software guides the computer at every step where to start and stop during a particular job. The process of software development is called programming.
You should keep in mind that software and hardware are complementary of each other. Both have to work together to produce meaningful result. Another important point you should know that developing software is difficult, time consuming and expensive.
Software:
Application Software: Application software is a set of programs, which are written to perform specific tasks of the users of computers such as Accounts, Stores, Payroll etc. these software are developed in high level language to help the user to get the computer perform the tasks.
System Software: When you switch on the computer the programs stored or written in ROM is executed which actives different units of your computer and makes it ready for you to work on it. This set of program can be called System Software. Therefore system software may be defined as a set one or more programs designed to control the operations of computer system.
System Software are general purpose programs designed for performing tasks such as controlling all operations required to move data into and out of the computer. It communicates with keyboard, printer, card reader, disk, tape etc. System software acts as an interface between hardware and application software . System software allows application packages to be run on the computer with less time and effort. Remember that it is not possible to run application software without system software.
Development of system software is a complex is a complex task and it requires extensive knowledge of computer technology. Due to its complexity, the users cannot develop it. Computer manufactures build and supply this system software with the computer. DOS, UNIX, WINDOWS, Language compilers and interpreters are some of the widely used system software.
Q.4 What is uses of computer in different fields?
Ans.: Computers have their application or utility everywhere. We find their applications in almost every sphere of life-particularly in fields where computations are required to be done at a very fast speed and where data is so complicated that the human brain finds it difficult to cope up with.
In Tourism: Hotels use computers to speed up billing and checkout the availability of rooms. So is the case with railways and airline reservation for booking tickets. Architects can displays their scale models on a computer and study them from various angles and perspectives.
In Banks: Banks also have started using computers extensively. Terminals are provided in the branch and the main computer is located centrally. This enables the branches to use the main computer is computer system for information on things such as current balance, deposits, overdrafts, interest charges, etc. MICR encoded cheques can be read and sorted out with a speed of 3000 cheques per minutes by computer as computers as compared to hours taken by manual sorting.
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